---
title: ES6について
date: 2019-01-18 16:00:00
tags:
    - JavaScript
category: tech
keywords:
    - Javascript
    - ES2015
    - ES6
---

## Overview

[https://github.com/lukehoban/es6features#readme](https://github.com/lukehoban/es6features#readme)

[http://help.wtf/es6](http://help.wtf/es6)

[http://es6-features.org](http://es6-features.org)

## String

### String.x is deprecated; use String.prototype.x instead.

非推奨の構文:

```Javascript
var num = 15; 
String.replace(num, /5/, '2');
```

標準の構文:

```Javascript
var num = 15;
String(num).replace(/5/, '2');
```

### Template literal

Nesting templates:

```Javascript
const classes = `header ${ isLargeScreen() ? '' : `icon-${item.isCollapsed ? 'expander' : 'collapser'}` }`;
```
<!--more-->

タグ付けされたtemplate

```Javascript
var a = 5;
var b = 10;

function tag(strings, ...values) {
  console.log(strings[0]); // "Hello "
  console.log(strings[1]); // " world"
  console.log(values[0]);  // 15
  console.log(values[1]);  // 50

  return "Bazinga!";
}

tag`Hello ${ a + b } world ${ a * b}`;
// "Bazinga!"
```

[http://help.wtf/es6#template_literals](http://help.wtf/es6#template_literals)

```Javascript
// Backticks enclose a template literal; ${} interpolates arbitrary expressions
let num = 99; // see block scope
console.log(`${num} bottles of beer on the wall, ${num} bottles of beer
Take one down and pass it around, ${--num} bottles of beer!`);

// Tagged form: Attach a function that processes string fragments and evaluated
// expressions
function celsius(strings, ...values) {
  let rv = '';
  strings.forEach((string, index) => { // See arrow functions
    rv += string;
    if (typeof values[index] !== 'undefined')
      rv += Math.round((values[index] - 32) / 1.8);
  });
  return rv;
}

// Converts all the interpolated numbers to the proper unit
console.log(celsius `Today temperatures ranged from ${60} to ${65} degrees.`);
```

## var and let

[https://eslint.org/docs/rules/no-var](https://eslint.org/docs/rules/no-var)

>ECMAScript 6 allows programmers to create variables with block scope instead of function scope using the let and const keywords. Block scope is common in many other programming languages and helps programmers avoid mistakes.

```Javascript
if (true) {
    var i = 1;
    let j = 2;
}

console.log(i) // 1
console.log(j) // ReferenceError: not defined
```

## Default function parameters

```Javascript
function multiply(a, b = 1) {
  return a * b;
}
```

## Iterators and for...of

```Javascript
let fibonacci = {
  [Symbol.iterator]() {
    let pre = 0, cur = 1;
    return {
      next() {
        [pre, cur] = [cur, pre + cur];
        return { done: false, value: cur }
      }
    }
  }
}

for (var n of fibonacci) {
  // truncate the sequence at 1000
  if (n > 1000)
    break;
  console.log(n);
}
```

More: [Duck Typing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck_typing)

## Modules

### import and export

[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Statements/import](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Statements/import)

[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Statements/export](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Statements/export)

### Module Loaders

Module loaders support:

* Dynamic loading
* State isolation
* Global namespace isolation
* Compilation hooks
* Nested virtualization

The default module loader can be configured, and new loaders can be constructed to evaluate and load code in isolated or constrained contexts.

```Javascript
// Dynamic loading – ‘System’ is default loader
System.import('lib/math').then(function(m) {
  alert("2π = " + m.sum(m.pi, m.pi));
});

// Create execution sandboxes – new Loaders
var loader = new Loader({
  global: fixup(window) // replace ‘console.log’
});
loader.eval("console.log('hello world!');");

// Directly manipulate module cache
System.get('jquery');
System.set('jquery', Module({$: $})); // WARNING: not yet finalized
```

## Promises

[JavaScript Promiseの本](https://github.com/azu/promises-book)

```Javascript
function asyncFunction() {
    
    return new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {
        setTimeout(function () {
            resolve('Async Hello world');
        }, 16);
    });
}

asyncFunction().then(function (value) {
    console.log(value);    // => 'Async Hello world'
}).catch(function (error) {
    console.error(error);
});
```

## Generators

[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Iteration_protocols](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Iteration_protocols)

```Javascript
// A generator function will return an object that implements the iteration
// protocol, i.e., it has a next() method that returns
// { value: < some value>, done: <true or false> }
function* incRand(max) { // Asterisk defines this as a generator function
  while (true) {
    // Pause execution after the yield, resume when next(<something>) is called
    // and assign <something> to x
    let x = yield Math.floor(Math.random() * max + 1);
    max += x;
  }
}
var rng = incRand(2); // Now we have a generator object to work with
console.log(rng.next()); // { value: <between 1 and 2>, done: false }
console.log(rng.next(3)); // as above, but between 1 and 5
console.log(rng.next()); // as above, but NaN since 5 + undefined results in NaN
console.log(rng.next(20)); // Oops, looks like we broke it! NaN again.
rng.throw(new Error('Unrecoverable generator state.')); // Will be thrown from yield
```

## shorthand of Object initializer

[https://ariya.io/2013/02/es6-and-object-literal-property-value-shorthand](https://ariya.io/2013/02/es6-and-object-literal-property-value-shorthand)

```Javascript
// Shorthand property names (ES2015)
var a = 'foo', b = 42, c = {};
var o = {a, b, c};

// Shorthand method names (ES2015)
var o = {
  property(parameters) {}
};

// Computed property names (ES2015)
var prop = 'foo';
var o = {
  [prop]: 'hey',
  ['b' + 'ar']: 'there'
};
```

[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Destructuring_assignment](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Destructuring_assignment)

## Destructuring

https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Destructuring_assignment

The destructuring assignment syntax is a JavaScript expression that makes it possible to unpack values from arrays, or properties from objects, into distinct variables. Destructuring is **fail-soft**, similar to standard object lookup foo["bar"], producing undefined values when not found.

```Javascript
let [n1, n2, n3, n4, ...r] = [100, 'three', 34, {number: 23}, 694, 'eighteen'];
console.log(n1, n2, n3, n4); // "100 'three' 34 { number: 23 }"
console.log(r); // "[ 694, 'eighteen' ]"
```

Two variables values can be swapped in one destructuring expression

```Javascript
var a = 1;
var b = 3;

[a, b] = [b, a];
console.log(a); // 3
console.log(b); // 1
```

Object Destructuring

```Javascript
var o = {p: 42, q: true};
var {p, q} = o;

console.log(p); // 42
console.log(q); // true
```

Works for function parameters

```Javascript
var fmt = ({id = 0, name}) => `${id}: ${name}`;
console.log(fmt({ id: 1, name: 'joe'}));
```

## symbol

[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Symbol](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Symbol)

`sympol` is a primitive data type. The Symbol() function returns a value of type symbol and every returned value is unique. It **does not** support `new Symbol()`

```Javascript
var sym1 = Symbol();
var sym2 = Symbol('foo');
var sym3 = Symbol('foo');

Symbol('foo') === Symbol('foo'); // false
var sym = new Symbol(); // TypeError
```

## Map + Set + WeakMap + WeakSet

Reference: [Why WeakMap?](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/WeakMap#Why_WeakMap)
>Native WeakMaps hold "weak" references to key objects, which means that they do not prevent garbage collection in case there would be no other reference to the key object.  This also avoids preventing garbage collection of values in the map.

```Javascript
/ Sets
var s = new Set();
s.add("hello").add("goodbye").add("hello");
s.size === 2;
s.has("hello") === true;

// Maps
var m = new Map();
m.set("hello", 42);
m.set(s, 34);
m.get(s) == 34;

// Weak Maps
var wm = new WeakMap();
wm.set(s, { extra: 42 });
wm.size === undefined

// Weak Sets
var ws = new WeakSet();
ws.add({ data: 42 });
// Because the added object has no other references, it will not be held in the set
```

## New APIs in core libraries

```Javascript
// Number
Number.EPSILON
Number.isInteger(Infinity) // false
Number.isNaN("NaN") // false

// Math
Math.acosh(3) // 1.762747174039086
Math.hypot(3, 4) // 5
Math.imul(Math.pow(2, 32) - 1, Math.pow(2, 32) - 2) // 2

// String
"abcde".includes("cd") // true
"abc".repeat(3) // "abcabcabc"

// Array
Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('*')) // Returns a real Array
Array.of(1, 2, 3) // Similar to new Array(...), but without special one-arg behavior
[0, 0, 0].fill(7, 1) // [0,7,7]
[1, 2, 3].find(x => x == 3) // 3
[1, 2, 3].findIndex(x => x == 2) // 1
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5].copyWithin(3, 0) // [1, 2, 3, 1, 2]
["a", "b", "c"].entries() // iterator [0, "a"], [1,"b"], [2,"c"]
["a", "b", "c"].keys() // iterator 0, 1, 2
["a", "b", "c"].values() // iterator "a", "b", "c"

// Object
Object.assign(Point, { origin: new Point(0,0) })
```

## Proxies

The Proxy object is used to define custom behavior for fundamental operations (e.g. property lookup, assignment, enumeration, function invocation, etc).

See more examples at [MDN Proxy doc]([https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Proxy](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Proxy))

**No-op forwarding proxy**

``` Javascript
var target = {};
var p = new Proxy(target, {});

p.a = 37; // operation forwarded to the target

console.log(target.a); // 37. The operation has been properly forwarded
```

**Validation**

```Javascript
let validator = {
  set: function(obj, prop, value) {
    if (prop === 'age') {
      if (!Number.isInteger(value)) {
        throw new TypeError('The age is not an integer');
      }
      if (value > 200) {
        throw new RangeError('The age seems invalid');
      }
    }

    // The default behavior to store the value
    obj[prop] = value;

    // Indicate success
    return true;
  }
};

let person = new Proxy({}, validator);

person.age = 100;
console.log(person.age); // 100
person.age = 'young'; // Throws an exception
person.age = 300; // Throws an exception
```

## Binary and Octal Literals

```
0b111110111 === 503 // true
0o767 === 503 // true
```

## その他

### Reflect API

[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Reflect](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Reflect)

### Tail calls

```Javascript
function factorial(n, acc = 1) {
    'use strict';
    if (n <= 1) return acc;
    return factorial(n - 1, n * acc);
}

// Stack overflow in most implementations today,
// but safe on arbitrary inputs in ES6
factorial(100000)
```

### Unicode

[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/RegExp/unicode](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/RegExp/unicode)